Finland benefits , however , from a partly funded pension system .

Interest subsidies may be capitalised or may be used in the form of grants.

Interest subsidies may be capitalised or used in the form of grants.

European banks are far more thinly capitalized, and account for a much larger share of credit extended, than banks in the US, where much more lending originates in capital markets.

A great deal of experience has been gained from this, which is worth sharing in the form of best practices.

Major financial institutions are, for the most part, better capitalized than they have been in a long time.

Above all, they would insist more often that their counterparties be well capitalized.

I would like to state clearly that the Commission is of the view that the Basle II negotiations concern the capital adequacy of banks and not of retail chains whether or not they are well capitalised.

It is essential that Europe move quickly to ensure that its banks are adequately capitalized and backstopped.

Despite harsh austerity, large fiscal deficits persist, and banks remain undercapitalized and unable to support a sustained economic recovery.

The typical bank is capitalized with equity, long term debt, short term debt, and deposits.

So long as European banks remain undercapitalized and overleveraged, a sustainable recovery supported by robust bank lending is unlikely.

This crisis has shown that the need for adequately capitalized public institutions is enormous. This will remain the case for the foreseeable future.

In the context of the ageing of the population , the United Kingdom benefits from a pension system which is heavily reliant on funded private pensions .

This could be achieved by unfunded pension obligations, which do not require that banks set aside the money in advance.

5.4 The European economic system is strongly characterised by small and medium enterprise, which often appears undercapitalised because it resorts mostly to banks.

5.4 The European economic system is strongly characterised by small and medium enterprise, which often appears undercapitalised because it resorts mostly to banks.

Funded pension obligations and low taxes do mean there is more room to move in a crisis.

The interests of clients are fully safeguarded as their assets are held by independent and fully capitalised and regulated depositories.

In the IMF s view, m ajor financial institutions in mature...markets were ...healthy, having remained profitable and well capitalized, and the financial sectors in many countries are in a strong position to cope with any cyclical challenges and further market corrections to come.

In the context of a relatively favourable demographic situation , the pension system relies on funded private pensions and unfunded social security pensions play a relatively minor role .

Often young and under capitalized, these smaller enterprises appear riskier because they are usually found in poorly regulated markets characterized by an uncertain political or economic environment.

The Fed is seeking to oblige foreign banks to create a holding company to own their separately capitalized subsidiaries, effectively giving the Fed direct oversight of their business.

Indeed, the combination of declining collateral and rising bad debt squeezed Japanese banks, which were too weakly capitalized to bear large losses.

Alongside the efficient, highly capitalized and profitable enterprises, there are still medium sized peasant holdings, mainly in upland and disadvantaged areas, whose economic situation is far from ideal.

For example, the United Kingdom s Independent Commission on Banking (ICB) has proposed ring fencing retail activities from investment banking activities in separately capitalized divisions of a bank holding company.

Nobel Prize nominee Hernando De Soto recognized that the key to economic liftoff for most developing countries is to tap the vast amounts of uncapitalized land.

Given their large, battered holdings of peripheral eurozone countries sovereign debt, many of Europe s thinly capitalized banks would be insolvent if their assets were marked to market.

Banks overseen by managers who had larger unfunded pensions weathered the financial crisis better than their counterparts, presumably because they had a stronger incentive to keep them safe.

Most of the shadow banking system has disappeared, and traditional commercial banks are saddled with trillions of dollars in expected losses on loans and securities while still being seriously undercapitalized.

If this exercise is conducted properly a big if undercapitalized banks that are viable would be forced to raise additional equity, from bondholders if necessary, while unviable ones would be wound down.

Then, between 1988 and 1990, another round of monetary tightening under Alan Greenspan ravaged the balance sheets of the country s savings and loan associations, which were overleveraged, undercapitalized, and already struggling to survive.

In particular, the Greek authorities explained that, in accordance with Greek legislation 11 , special reserves which are capitalised, are taxed separately at a rate of 5 (to the extent that at the time they were established, they had already been taxed) and not at a rate of 10 , as stated by the Commission.

Included are contributions paid by employers, on behalf of employees, to social security schemes or to private insurance or pension funds (whether funded or unfunded) to secure benefits for employees.

Even with the tradable sector suffering due to the strong yen, capital market liberalization meant that the capitalized value of future income streams, particularly from land, soared, as the interest rate at which they were discounted fell.

So the impact of new regulations on countries where banks are significantly under capitalized could easily be four or five times larger than the headline figure say, in the vicinity of a percentage point at a four year horizon.

Included are contributions paid by employers , on behalf of employees , to social security schemes or to private insurance or pension funds ( whether funded or unfunded ) to secure benefits for employees . 27

Having entered the 2008 2009 crisis with sound initial conditions (including large international reserves, budget and balance of payments surpluses, and highly capitalized banks), they are nowhere near exhausting their fiscal and financial flexibility and hence their capacity to respond to future shocks.

One reason the Greek crisis is so difficult is that European banks are undercapitalized, overleveraged, and stuffed full of Greek bonds, thereby ruling out the possibility of restructuring and thus lightening Greece s debt load.

Following an interruption in this trend in early 1994 the rate of decline was more gradual ( see Chart 6a ) . Against this background , a broad trend has been observed since the early 1990s of , first , convergence with and , later , divergence from the rates prevailing in the EU countries with the lowest bond yields ( see Chart 6b ) .

What above all characterises the aquaculture sector is the effort in terms of time and input that needs to be devoted to research, effort that more often than not is disproportionate to the opportunities for funding young family businesses which have little in the way of capital and which are obliged to operate in a context of intense competition and unstable prices.

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